Saturday, June 16, 2012

Tense-Aspect-Mood

Real quick, I've decided on a tense scheme:

  1. Near Past - This is the default tense.  English speakers should note that "near" is relative, so cenozoic vs. hadean, 100 years ago vs. a million, last month vs. last decade.
  2. Non-past - This could be called "present plus near future".
  3. Anterior Past - Again, this is a relative.  In the retelling of legends, the beginning is in this tense, but in a longer telling, it doesn't get sustained.  "Long ago there was a boy named Neal ... Neal was walking around one day."
  4. Posterior Future - a.k.a. far future
Aspects:
  1. Perfective - On action viewed without parts
  2. Imperfective - There is no generic imperfective.  There are four subdivisions
    1. Stative - This is un-changing but ongoing
    2. Continuative/Episodic/Continuative - I think 'CONT' is all I'll write on this in the future, but the idea is an action viewed as having parts, durative, and on-going, it can be unchanging or changing.  If in the presence of the other three imperfective aspects, it would mean "still verbing" but that's over-translating.
    3. Progressive - Ongoing, evolving and "increasing" (see next)
    4. Regressive - Ongoing, devolving and "decreasing".  The PROG and REG are opposites of each other.  The notion of "increasing" vs. "decreasing" deserves some explanation.

      If someone said Hitler was a "good murderer" we would typically balk at the use of the word "good" in the same sentence as "Hitler" and make them restate it as "he was good at murdering".  Greek was far more sensible and had two words for good!  In the same way, a verb in the PROG aspect is "good", that is, becoming more of what it is.  A verb in the REG is becoming less and less of what it is/ought to be.  So, "I was walking-PROG to the store" could mean I was walking "faster and faster" or "better and better" or "ever closer to my goal".  "I was walking-REG to the store" could mean I was walking "slower and slower" or "in the wrong direction" or "I got worse and worse at walking  (due to injury?)".
The gnomic would be perfective in the far-past for etiologic truth and perfection far-future for teleologic truth.  Also other aspects (momentane, habitual, terminative, inceptive, inchoative, etc.) will be handled through adverbs or verb serialization.

Mood:

I am too close to Attic Greek on this.  I need more sources/reading:
  1. Realis
    1. Topical - This is normally a case marking in most languages, but because all "subjects" are process expressed through verb in Perelandran, it is a mood.  A sentence initial word, phrase or phrasal grouping may end in the topic mood, thereby indicating the controlling genitive, dative, indirect object or just all-around topic of the following sentences.  Perelandrans consider this mood more realis than the indicative.
    2. Indicative - the statements of facts are in this mood
  2. Irrealis
    1. Subjunctive - this mood signifies the lower amount of unreality.  It may be translated "may", or "should" or "let us" or "possibly".  In the apodosis of conditional verbs it indicates contrary-to-fact suppositions.
    2. Optative - this mood signifies the most amount of unreality.  It may be translated "might" or "ought" or "would (that)".  In the protasis of conditional sentences, it indicates not actually true sentences that are unlikely to occur.
    3. Imperative - the aspect is crucial in determining whether a congoing command is being exressed or not.
  3. None of the above - None-finite.

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